I. Passive Components These components do not generate energy; instead, they control or store it. Resistor Working: It restricts (resists) the flow of electrons, converting electrical energy into heat. Example: If you have a 9V battery and a 2V LED, a resistor is placed in between to lower the voltage and prevent the LED from burning out. Capacitor Working: It consists of an insulator (Dielectric) between two conducting plates. It resists sudden changes in voltage by storing energy. Example: When a ceiling fan continues to spin for a few seconds after a power cut or inverter switch, it is due to the energy stored in the capacitor. Inductor Working: When current flows through a coil of wire, a magnetic field is created. It resists sudden changes in current. Example: Small inductors inside mobile chargers are used to filter out electrical 'noise'. Potentiometer (Variable Resistor) Working: It features a sliding contact. Rotating it changes the length of the resistive tra...